A raise less than inflation is a pay cut, and you should act appropriately.
In layman's terms: Let's say you could buy a widget for $1. You make $100 (per time period), and you can buy 100 widgets with your money. Then the price of the widget goes to $1.50. Now you can only buy 66 widgets. In terms of widgets per time, you are now making 33% less money; essentially you have taken a pay cut of 33% in terms of a payout in widgets. This is how inflation works. In order to have the same widget-based salary, you would need a 50% pay raise to $150 (per time) so you can still buy 100 widgets (per time).
Therefore, you should consider a pay raise less than inflation to be a pay cut; "inflation" is the average amount of price increase of a widget (product), across all widgets (products) that you can buy. In order to maintain your widget-per-time salary (this term is more commonly known as "purchasing power"), you need a raise to match the increase in widget price.
So, you should not feel reticent at all to ask for a 10% pay raise, if 10% is the inflation rate in your locale. In fact, if your boss refuses your 10% pay raise, you should consider that the same as if they are cutting your salary, and act the same as if they called you into a meeting and announced they were slashing your salary by 10%. Whatever that means to you is up to you, but that's how you should respond.