Bilateria

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladi (Ruggiero et al. (2015)): Deuterostomia – Protostomia
Cladi (Cannon et al. (2016)): Nephrozoa – Xenacoelomorpha

Extant phyla (29): Acanthocephala – Annelida – Arthropoda – Brachiopoda – Ectoprocta – Chaetognatha – Chordata – Cycliophora – Dicyemida – Echinodermata – Entoprocta – Gastrotricha – Gnathostomulida – Hemichordata – Kinorhyncha – Loricifera – Micrognathozoa – Mollusca – Nematoda – Nematomorpha – Nemertea – Onychophora – Orthonectida – Phoronida – Platyhelminthes – Priapulida – Rotifera – Tardigrada – Xenacoelomorpha

Genera incertae sedis: †Kimberella – †Tullimonstrum

Name

Bilateria Hatschek, 1888

Synonymy

Triploblasts Lankester, 1873

References

Primary references

Hatschek, B. 1888–1891. Lehrbuch der Zoologie, eine morphologische Übersicht des Thierreiches zur Einführung in das Studium dieser Wissenschaft. Jena, Gustav Fischer. vol. 1 [1888], pp. i-iv, 1–144, vol. 2 [1889], pp. 145–304; vol. 3 [1891], pp. 305–432. BHL Reference page.

Additional references

Phylogeny

Balavoine, G. & Adoutte, A. 1998. One or three Cambrian radiations? Science 280(5362): 397–398. DOI: 10.1126/science.280.5362.397 . Reference page.
Cannon, J.T., Vellutini, B.C., Smith, J., Ronquist, F., Jondelius, U. & Hejnol, A. 2016. Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa. Nature 530 (7588): 89–93. DOI: 10.1038/nature16520 . Reference page.
Hejnol, A., Obst, M., Stamatakis, A., Ott, M., Rouse, G.W., Edgecombe, G.D., Martinez, P., Baguñà, J., Bailly, X., Jondelius, U., Wiens, M., Müller W.E.G., Seaver, E., Wheer, W.C., Martindale, M.Q., Giribet, G. & Dunn, C.W. 2009. Assessing the root of bilaterian animals with scalable phylogenomic methods. Proceedings of the Royal Society (B) 276(1677): 4261–4270. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0896 . Reference page.
Jondelius, U., Ruiz-Trillo, I., Baguñà, J. & Riutort, M. 2002. The Nemertodermatida are basal bilaterians and not members of the Platyhelminthes. Zoologica Scripta 31(2): 201–215. DOI: 10.1046/j.1463-6409.2002.00090.x . Reference page.
Lartillot, N. & Philippe, H. 2008. Improvement of molecular phylogenetic inference and the phylogeny of Bilateria. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 363: 1463–1472. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2236 . Reference page.
Paps, J., Baguñà, J. & Riutort, M. 2009. Bilaterian phylogeny: a broad sampling of 13 nuclear genes provides a new Lophotrochozoa phylogeny and supports a paraphyletic basal Acoelomorpha. Molecular Biology and Evolution 26(10): 2397–2406. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msp150 . Reference page.
Rieger, R. & Ladurner, P. 2001. Searching for the stem species of the Bilateria. Belgian Journal of Zoology 131(supplement 1): 27–34. PDF. Reference page.
Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M.D. & Kirk, P.M. 2015. A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 . [Correction in 10(6): e0130114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130114 .] Reference page.
Wallberg, A., Curini-Galletti, M., Ahmadzadeh, A. & Jondelius, U. 2007. Dismissal of Acoelomorpha: Acoela and Nemertodermatida are separate early bilaterian clades. Zoologica Scripta 36(5): 509–523. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00295.x . Reference page.
Zrzavý, J. 2002. Gastrotricha and metazoan phylogeny. Zoologica Scripta 32(1): 61–81. DOI: 10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00104.x . Reference page.

Vernacular names

العربية: ثنائيات التناظر
Boarisch: Zwaaseitenviecher
беларуская: Двухбакова-сіметрычныя
български: Двустранносиметрични
català: Bilateri
Deutsch: Zweiseitentiere
English: Bilaterians
eesti: Kahekülgsed
suomi: Kaksikylkiset
Nordfriisk: Twiisidjeten
français: Bilatériens
magyar: Kétoldali szimmetriájú állatok
日本語: 左右相称動物上門 (さゆうそうしょうどうぶつじょうもん)
한국어: 좌우대칭동물(左右對稱動物)
македонски: Животни со билатерална симетрија
norsk: Bilaterier
occitan: Bilaterians
polski: Zwierzęta dwubocznie symetryczne
português: Bilaterados
русский: Двусторонне-симметричные
svenska: Tvåsidiga djur
Türkçe: Bilateral simetrililer
中文: 左右对称动物