Correct way to create users without home (for shadow.service)

Question

If you create a user without a home on Arch Linux with useradd -M test, an entry like the following is created in /etc/passwd:

test:x:1001:1001::/home/test:/bin/bash

But because /home/test doesn't exist, this causes shadow.service to fail. Leaving the home directory blank will produce the same error. I found an old thread suggesting to use /dev/null, but I'm not sure if that's the best solution. ATM, ignoring it seems like the best solution, but maybe there is a better way.

---

shadow.service boils down to pwck and grpck:

### [...]
ExecStart=/bin/sh -c '/usr/bin/pwck -r || r=1; /usr/bin/grpck -r && exit $r
### [...]

Answer 1

Debian-based

If you are on a Debian-based system, the new - already somewhat present by default in multiple debian-based distributions, (as well as already included in the source code of both pwck and login.defs of the next shadow-utils package release) proper way to account for nonexistent home directories is with the /nonexistent path.

If you actually get the newest shadow-utils package , it will allow you to configure your /etc/login.defs and add (or uncomment) the following option:

This is from the new man 8 pwck from the latest commit:

   NONEXISTENT (string)
      If a system account intentionally does not have a home directory
      that exists, this string can be provided in the /etc/passwd entry
      for the account to indicate this. The result is that pwck will
      not emit a spurious warning for this account.

and the actual option belongs in /etc/login.defs like so

# The [string] can be whatever word/path you want to use in your /etc/passwd file to
# correspond to a nonexistent directory. However, /nonexistent should be used as the default 
# nonexisting home directory, as that is already in use in many distributions.
NONEXISTENT [string]

This option has been added specifically for pwck to account for nonexistent home directories, which is the underlying command used by the shadow.service that checks the validity and integrity of /etc/passwd using the configuration provided in /etc/login.defs.

If you do use this configuration option, then using sudo adduser -M -d /nonexistent [username] followed by pwck -r will not throw an error.

---

Other distributions

While many Debian-based distributions already use this approach for this particular situation, there are other variants which use their own system to account for nonexistent home directories.

However, you can usually test how your distribution already determines the nonexistent home directory situation, by executing

sudo grep nobody /etc/passwd

as this particular non-privileged user will never by default have its own home directory path, yet the corresponding value found in your /etc/passwd will give you a clue of how your system already deals with it.

For example:

• RHEL/CentOS uses / as a fail-safe for home directory of nobody yet disables its login shell through /sbin/nologin

• Debian-based distros currently use /nonexistent for home directory, and /usr/sbin/nologin for the shell

• SUSE Linux, until at least mid 2019, used /var/lib/nobody for the directory and /bin/bash for the shell, but some security-conscious memos suggest a change to /var/lib/nobody and /bin/false

• OSx used and might still use /var/empty and /usr/bin/false for nobody

• I have encountered other distributions that use /nonexistent yet allow for shell with /bin/sh

---

The issue with using sudo useradd [username] is that it specifically allows for system preset options in /etc/login.defs to be overwritten at execution, even if they may violate the integrity of /etc/passwd.

I have not tested useradd in a while, but - unless significant changes have been made to the source code - the validator for the -d option flag had many limitations. There was certainly a check present for whether optarg[0] of the provided path is indeed / and whether a path contains : but every test I ran using * , and hence I would not be surprised if sudo useradd -d /home/my:base [username] actually executed without error.