Do you think the high heat damaged your laptop?
If the temperature gets too high, it's supposed to automatically shut itself down, and probably first do things like limit the CPU frequency/speed/workload to lower the temperature.
If the laptop still works now, then it's probably not damaged.
If you think high heat could shorten the lifespan of your laptop... that's a debatable possibility. I think it could have, but there's no reliable way to find out, short of buying 100 identical laptops and doing heat & lifetime experiments on them (maybe similar to how the manufacturers estimate their warranty periods). It's guaranteed that it should keep working at least until the warranty runs out...