Here is the relevant excerpt from your log files:
2021-01-31 23:01:11, Info CSI 0000000a Performing 1 operations as follows:
(0) LockComponentPath: flags: 0 comp: {l:16 b:ccd1f2f724f8d601010000005008140c} pathid: {l:16 b:060bf4f724f8d601020000005008140c} path: [l:119]'\SystemRoot\WinSxS\amd64_microsoft-windows-e..-firsttimeinstaller_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.18362.833_none_a91ce678f8bbddfc' pid: 850 starttime: 132566076697160726
2021-01-31 23:01:11, Info CSI 0000000b Performing 1 operations as follows:
(0) LockComponentPath: flags: 0 comp: {l:16 b:9e59f4f724f8d601030000005008140c} pathid: {l:16 b:9e59f4f724f8d601040000005008140c} path: [l:120]'\SystemRoot\WinSxS\amd64_microsoft-windows-e..-firsttimeinstaller_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.18362.1168_none_60efd81dc9f766fe' pid: 850 starttime: 132566076697160726
2021-01-31 23:01:11, Info CSI 0000000c Performing 1 operations as follows:
(0) LockComponentPath: flags: 0 comp: {l:16 b:9e59f4f724f8d601050000005008140c} pathid: {l:16 b:9e59f4f724f8d601060000005008140c} path: [l:120]'\SystemRoot\WinSxS\amd64_microsoft-windows-e..-firsttimeinstaller_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.18362.1168_none_60efd81dc9f766fe' pid: 850 starttime: 132566076697160726
2021-01-31 23:01:11, Info CSI 0000000d Calling generic command executable (sequence 1): 'C:\WINDOWS\WinSxS\amd64_microsoft-windows-e..-firsttimeinstaller_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.18362.1168_none_60efd81dc9f766fe\MicrosoftEdgeStandaloneInstaller.exe'
CmdLine: '"C:\WINDOWS\WinSxS\amd64_microsoft-windows-e..-firsttimeinstaller_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.18362.1168_none_60efd81dc9f766fe\MicrosoftEdgeStandaloneInstaller.exe" /silent /installsource windowsupdate /install "appguid={56EB18F8-B008-4CBD-B6D2-8C97FE7E9062}&needsadmin=True&usagestats=1&brand=WULS"'
2021-01-31 23:01:12, Info CBS Progress: UI message updated. Operation type: Update. Stage: 1 out of 1. Percent progress: 56.
2021-01-31 23:01:18, Info CSI 0000000e Performing 1 operations as follows:
(0) LockComponentPath: flags: 0 comp: {l:16 b:e23311fc24f8d601070000005008140c} pathid: {l:16 b:e23311fc24f8d601080000005008140c} path: [l:115]'\SystemRoot\WinSxS\x86_microsoft.windows.s..ation.badcomponents_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.18362.1_none_aed093e387f9bf3e' pid: 850 starttime: 132566076697160726
2021-01-31 23:01:18, Info CSI 0000000f Creating NT transaction (seq 2)
2021-01-31 23:01:18, Info CSI 00000010 Created NT transaction (seq 2) result 0x00000000, handle @0x3d8
2021-01-31 23:01:18, Info CSI 00000011@2021/1/31:23:01:18.566 Beginning NT transaction commit...
2021-01-31 23:01:18, Info CSI 00000012@2021/1/31:23:01:18.566 CSI perf trace:
CSIPERF:TXCOMMIT;6482
2021-01-31 23:01:18, Info CSI 00000013 Creating NT transaction (seq 3)
2021-01-31 23:01:18, Info CSI 00000014 Created NT transaction (seq 3) result 0x00000000, handle @0x3d8
2021-01-31 23:01:18, Info CSI 00000015@2021/1/31:23:01:18.566 Beginning NT transaction commit...
2021-01-31 23:01:18, Info CSI 00000016@2021/1/31:23:01:18.566 CSI perf trace:
CSIPERF:TXCOMMIT;5989
2021-01-31 23:01:18, Error CSI 00000017 (F) Done with generic command 1; CreateProcess returned 0, CPAW returned S_OK
Process exit code 2147747622 resulted in success? false
Process output: [l:0 ][gle=0x80004005]
2021-01-31 23:01:18, Info CSI 00000018 Direct SIL provider: Number of files opened: 1.
2021-01-31 23:01:18, Error [0x018007] CSI 00000019 (F) Failed execution of queue item Installer: Generic Command ({81a34a10-4256-436a-89d6-794b97ca407c}) with HRESULT HRESULT_FROM_WIN32(14109). Failure will not be ignored: A rollback will be initiated after all the operations in the installer queue are completed; installer is reliable[gle=0x80004005]
2021-01-31 23:01:18, Info CBS Could not get active session for current session file logging [HRESULT = 0x80004003 - E_POINTER]
2021-01-31 23:01:18, Info CBS Could not get file name for current session file logging [HRESULT = 0x80004003 - E_POINTER]
2021-01-31 23:01:18, Info CBS Added C:\WINDOWS\Logs\CBS\CBS.log to WER report.
2021-01-31 23:01:18, Info CBS Added C:\WINDOWS\Logs\CBS\CbsPersist_20210131182908.log to WER report.
2021-01-31 23:01:18, Info CBS Added C:\WINDOWS\Logs\CBS\CbsPersist_20210131165311.cab to WER report.
2021-01-31 23:01:18, Info CBS Added C:\WINDOWS\Logs\CBS\CbsPersist_20210130125257.cab to WER report.
2021-01-31 23:01:18, Info CBS Not able to add pending.xml.bad to Windows Error Report. [HRESULT = 0x80070002 - ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND]
2021-01-31 23:01:18, Info CBS Not able to add SCM.EVM to Windows Error Report. [HRESULT = 0x80070002 - ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND]
2021-01-31 23:01:18, Info CSI 0000001a@2021/1/31:23:01:18.713 CSI Advanced installer perf trace:
CSIPERF:AIDONE;{81a34a10-4256-436a-89d6-794b97ca407c};Microsoft-Windows-EdgeChromium-FirstTimeInstaller, version 10.0.18362.1168, arch amd64, nonSxS, pkt {l:8 b:31bf3856ad364e35};7124166us
2021-01-31 23:01:18, Info CSI 0000001b End executing advanced installer (sequence 39)
Completion status: HRESULT_FROM_WIN32(ERROR_ADVANCED_INSTALLER_FAILED)
Windows Update wants to install the Edge Update KB4584229 and this fails with the error:
HRESULT_FROM_WIN32(ERROR_ADVANCED_INSTALLER_FAILED).
In order to analyze the exact error one would have to go into more detail.
In this case I would suggest that you either perform an in-place upgrade or, best of all, update directly to Windows 20h2. Support for version 1909 will expire in May.
In short, an in-place upgrade would be carried out as follows:
Download a Windows 1909.iso
Then double click on the ISO file to mount it.
And then start the Setup.exe on the mounted drive and so on...
If you have installed a non-system antivirus or firewall program on your computer, it is advisable to uninstall it and use the removal tool from the respective manufacturer to remove the so-called filter drivers that interfere with an in-place upgrade or a general update. Encryption software such as VeraCrypt or Truecrypt or others should also be uninstalled beforehand, if available.
You can find detailed instructions for an in-place upgrade there:
In-place Upgrade Tutorial
If you want to update to 20h2, you can in principle proceed in the same way.
But then it would be even better to remove all additional devices connected to the PC that are not required for the update too.
For example: printers, scanners, hardware dongles, programming interfaces, USB hubs, USB wifi / network adapters, USB dongles, etc.
Friendly greetings
Sorry for any mistakes. English is not my native language.
Windows 10 version 2004? – Ramhound Jan 31 '21 at 17:06c:\Windows\logs\cbs. Copy and paste the CBS folder on your desktop, zip it and then upload it on wetransfer.com and share the link here. – Tekkie_Boy Feb 01 '21 at 01:09