According to the docs, the property keyCredentials will have the value you are looking for.
Key Credentials will have the following structure:
{
"@odata.type": "#microsoft.graph.keyCredential",
"customKeyIdentifier": "Binary",
"displayName": "String",
"endDateTime": "String (timestamp)",
"key": "Binary",
"keyId": "Guid",
"startDateTime": "String (timestamp)",
"type": "String",
"usage": "String"
}
You can get the thumbprint directly when you call "addSelfSignedSigningCertificate" action, Microsoft doesn't provide the thumbprint in other calls. The closest you can get is to provide a 'customKeyIdentifier' or read back the key and derivative the thumbprint by taking the key data and feeding into a tool like openssl.
openssl pkey -in ~/keyfile -pubout -outform DER | openssl md5 -c
https://stackoverflow.com/a/42248153/5779200