Questions tagged [apollo-program]

NASA's Apollo program was a 17-mission program that focused on landing a human on the lunar surface. The program was the third human spaceflight by NASA, after Mercury and Gemini.

The Apollo program was a mission that was born thanks to the famous John F. Kennedy speech that declared that NASA will put a human on the Moon by the end of the 1960-1970 decade. The program was started in 1961 and ended in 1975.

Questions tagged with this tag usually address a question related to an Apollo mission, gadget, vehicle, rocket, crew or other entities related to Apollo.

Basic needed knowledge of all the important Apollo missions:

  • Apollo 1 was the mission where three astronauts died from a fire in a pure-oxygen environment
  • Apollo 7 demonstrated the capability of Apollo vehicles and spacecraft, was the first manned mission
  • Apollo 8 was the first manned mission to the moon, orbited the moon and took pictures of the lunar surface
  • Apollo 9 tested the Lunar Module (LM)
  • Apollo 10 exhibited a lunar orbit
  • Apollo 11 was the first Apollo mission to land on the moon, landed in Sea of Tranquility
  • Apollo 12 landed on the moon, known for launching during a storm and producing two lightning bolts during flight, landed in Ocean of Storms
  • Apollo 13 is notoriously known for the oxygen tank rupture mid-flight, orbited the moon, tied to the quote "Failure is not an option"
  • Apollo 14 landed on the moon, landed in Fra Mauro
  • Apollo 15 landed on the moon, landed in Hadley Rille
  • Apollo 16 landed on the moon, landed in Descartes
  • Apollo 17 landed on the moon, known for successfully recording Lunar Module (LM) ascent, landed in Taurus-Littrow

You can learn more about Apollo with the following links:

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Why did Apollo 11 need someone to stay behind in lunar orbit?

When Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin descended to the moon in the Lunar Module, Michael Collins stayed up in lunar orbit in the Command Module. Why did they need someone to stay behind? At this point, rendezvous and docking with an unmanned…
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Why did Apollo mission numbering skip 2,3,4,5 and 6?

Apollo 1 was a ground test that ended in a fire. The next Apollo mission I have any reference to is Apollo 7. What happened to Apollo 2,3,4,5 and 6?
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Where were the various Apollo Lunar Modules (LMs) discarded?

The LEM was comprised of an ascent, and a descent stage. Whilst the descent stage was in most cases left behind on Luna, the ascent stage ferried the astronauts upstairs to the CSM. Where are these vehicles now? Did they crash into the Earth/Moon,…
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Did the Apollo 7 "mutiny" have consequences for ground crew?

The Apollo 7 mission was a troubled one due to the crew's illness and resulted in several heated discussions between the flight crew and ground crew. It seems to me that the ground crew was partly to blame for this as well: for example, from what…
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Why did Apollo have a crew of 3?

Why did Apollo have a crew of three when only two actually reached the surface of the moon? I can see it makes sense for the Lunar Module only to seat two astronauts. Less mass to land softly on the moon, less mass to take back to orbit, less fuel…
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What was the purpose of an Apollo 10 test?

The point of Apollo 10 was to test the LM in Lunar Orbit, but without landing. Why bother? If the LM had any sort of bugs (say the upper stage wouldn't launch, or they couldn't re-dock), then the astronauts would be just as dead as on Apollo 11. If…
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When was the general approach to the Apollo moon landings finalized?

When were the major aspects of the Apollo program decided? Multi-stage rocket, CM pulling the LM out of the rocket through a docking maneuver, LOR, and a parachute landing in the ocean. I've seen answers to a few different pieces of this question,…
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Changes to Apollo that enabled heavier missions

This question has a table that shows the dry weight of the LM grew by 1600 kg between Apollo 11 and 17. What enabled this weight growth? I know some of it was enabled by improving descent engine performance (nozzle extension from Apollo 15 onwards),…
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How exactly did the separation between Saturn V stage 3 and the Command / Lunar Module work?

After Apollos 3rd stage burn to get to the moon the Command Module (CM) turned around and pulled the Lunar Module out of the 3rd stage. Both the CM and the LM turned around and flew to the moon. But how exactly did the CM/LM separate from the 3rd…
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What memorial items were left on the Moon by the Apollo missions?

Wikipedia's article on Apollo 11 indicates that this first mission left behind a flag, an Apollo 1 mission patch, a plaque (on the lander), and a bag with a gold olive branch and a message disk. Over all the Apollo missions, what memorial items were…
user56
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How was the mass of the Apollo CSM determined?

One of the parameters for any maneuver of the Apollo CSM is the mass of the vehicle: for example, the trans-Earth injection of Apollo 11 specified a vehicle mass of 36,691 pounds. How was this mass determined? Did they do something like apply a…
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Why was the Apollo 6 service module painted white?

All other SM's were silver except Apollo 6. I'm wondering what the justification for this was, if any?
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Why did they bother closing the hatch on the LM while doing EVA?

In the transcript of the Apollo 11 EVA on the Moon, Buzz Aldrin mentions closing the LM's hatch and being careful not to lock the two astronauts out. 109:41:28 Aldrin: Okay. Now I want to back up and partially close the hatch. (Long Pause) Making…
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Apollo 10 - CSM / LM in orbit

Given the comments that are made regarding Mike Collins' 'loneliness' while flying Columbia around the far side of the Moon on Apollo 11, would I be right in assuming that the Apollo 10 CSM and LM were always on the same side of the Moon during…
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Could an Apollo Lunar Module have landed and returned without Earth assistance?

From the Apollo 12 flight journal: 087:31:29 Conrad (onboard): [Laughter] Yes. Let's take the LM down and land on the back side. Wouldn't that shake them up? [Laughter]. 087:31:36 Bean (onboard): We could do our old DOI burn an hour later. We saw…
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