Why do exploration spacecraft like Voyager 1 and 2 go through the asteroid belt, and not over or below it?

Question

I understand the risk of hitting an asteroid is small, but I'm wondering if there's a reason spacecraft usually stay on the main Solar System orbital plane.

related: How do spacecraft navigate through the Asteroid belt to avoid collision? and also Can you go over the asteroid belt rather than through it? — uhoh, Dec 07 '20 at 06:30
Calling the risk of hitting an asteroid "small" is vastly overstating the problem. Star Wars style asteroid fields, dense and full of space rocks that provide a significant navigational hazard, are... well... the stuff of science fiction. Given that asteroid belts are believed to be the remains of planets that shattered or never quite formed properly in the first place, this means that it's a planet worth of matter -- a very small one in this case -- spread across an entire orbit that's significantly more than 2 AU out, making it over 4X as large as Earth's orbit. — Mason Wheeler, Dec 08 '20 at 12:34
So the asteroid belt is a region where there's a whole lot of space with nothing at all there, occasionally interrupted by an interesting space rock or two. The chances of hitting anything aren't just "small;" they're virtually nil. — Mason Wheeler, Dec 08 '20 at 12:37
It is very small. It is like worrying about drowning when preparing to cross the Sahara. I estimate that the density of puddles deep enough to drown a man in Sahara is greater than the density of asteroids in the asteroid belt — Stian, Dec 08 '20 at 13:38
@StianYttervik Actually, drowning is a real danger in the Sahara: https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/did-you-know-that-more-people-drown-in-deserts-than-die-from-dehydration.html — Sumyrda - remember Monica, Dec 08 '20 at 15:37
Just for refrence, how dense is the material in the rings around Saturn? In comparison, what would the risk of going through Saturn's rings be, compared to the asteroid belt? It seems to me that just launching from Earth and going through the debris field would be more dangerous, and perhaps a greater risk comparison. — Justin Thyme the Second, Dec 09 '20 at 04:37

Russell Borogove · Accepted Answer · 2020-12-09T20:03:14.080

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First, space is absolutely gigantic; the chance of either of the Voyagers, or ay other outer-planet mission, hitting an asteroid was infinitesimal.

Second, the asteroid belt itself isn't really constrained to the ecliptic plane; plenty of asteroids have significant inclinations, so staying out of the ecliptic wouldn't guarantee safety.

Third, incorporating a significant inclination change into the Earth departure trajectory would have required a lot of additional performance; I don't know off the top of my head how much inclination could have been achieved given the maximum performance of the launcher and the mass of the Voyager spacecraft, but I don't think there was very much performance margin available.

Finally, the trajectories of the Voyagers' flybys of Jupiter were heavily constrained by the need to use Jupiter's gravity to slingshot on towards Saturn,. It's possible to incorporate an inclination change into a gravity assist maneuver (changing from the inclined Earth-to-Jupiter leg from the in-ecliptic Jupiter-to-Saturn leg), but doing so might have conflicted with other mission parameters.

edited Dec 09 '20 at 20:03

answered Dec 07 '20 at 04:27

Russell Borogove

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Fourth, going around the belt would require much more fuel than available. – Uwe Dec 07 '20 at 07:54
Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat. – called2voyage Dec 09 '20 at 19:58
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@Uwe isn't "performance" a synonym for "fuel" in this case? – craq Dec 10 '20 at 04:21
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@craq Uwe's comment referred to an earlier version of the answer. – Russell Borogove Dec 10 '20 at 04:26

score 60 · Answer 2 · answered Dec 07 '20 at 14:32

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A Keplerian trajectory in the Solar system essentially needs to be in a plane defined by three points: the location of the Sun, the location you're starting from, and the point your target will be at when your spacecraft arrives. Since planets are close to the ecliptic, this plane will usually be close to the ecliptic for an interplanetary mission.

Then consider that fuel is precious and changing planes using thrust requires a lot of fuel. The only practical way to get a spacecraft substantially out of the ecliptic plane is a gravity assist from a giant planet.

Thus, in practice, the only usable interplanetary trajectories are close to the ecliptic.

answered Dec 07 '20 at 14:32

John Doty

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This is the most important answer. Beyond everything else, going over the belt means no gravity assists, and that means either a HUGE increase in require propellant or a VERY long wait before the craft gets anywhere interesting. It also means you don't get to visit Jupiter, or Saturn, or Neptune, or Uranus... at least not for free. So you give up either most of your science and/or a lot of fuel for an incredibly minor risk reduction. – J... Dec 07 '20 at 15:30
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And heck, when a spacecraft going to the outer solar system has a chance to pull off an observation to a known asteroid, those opportunities are welcomed, because we don't send missions past the Belt very often. – notovny Dec 07 '20 at 15:40
theoretically you could get a gravity assist out of ecliptic and catch another planet as you're crossing the ecliptic on the other side of your orbit. It does require a planet to be there at the appropriate time though, and corrections could be costly. – John Dvorak Dec 07 '20 at 17:48
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@JohnDvorak, the only trajectory that would work for this is an Earth->Venus->Jupiter->(target) or Earth->Venus->Earth->Jupiter->(target), using Venus or Earth to boost out of plane, and then Jupiter to bring the probe back into the ecliptic. Alignments that permit this sort of thing are exceedingly rare. – Mark Dec 07 '20 at 22:27

score 19 · Answer 3 · answered Dec 08 '20 at 17:40

The asteroid belt is toroidal, the asteroids aren't confined to the ecliptic plane. This diagram from Wikipedia shows that most asteroids have orbital inclinations under 10°, but there are still significant numbers out to 20° or so.

This plot of orbital inclination ($i_p$) versus eccentricity ($e_p$) for the numbered main-belt asteroids clearly shows clumpings representing asteroid families.

Also from that article,

The orbital distribution of the asteroids reaches a maximum at an eccentricity of around 0.07 and an inclination below 4°. Thus although a typical asteroid has a relatively circular orbit and lies near the plane of the ecliptic, some asteroid orbits can be highly eccentric or travel well outside the ecliptic plane.

As the following diagram shows, the mean orbital radius for most main belt asteroids lies between 2.1 AU and 3.25 AU.

To go above (or below) the belt your spacecraft's orbit needs to have an inclination of at least 10°. But 10° at 3 AU puts you about 0.52 AU or almost 78 million km above the ecliptic, which is a rather significant detour, especially if your intended destination is close to the ecliptic plane. Such a detour represents a sizeable amount of orbital energy, and hence fuel consumption.

However, as already mentioned in other answers, such a detour is quite unnecessary. The asteroid belt is sparse. As Wikipedia says,

The asteroids are spread over such a large volume that it would be improbable to reach an asteroid without aiming carefully.

A typical estimates of the mean distance between asteroids is around 1,000,000 km (2.6× the distance between the Earth and the Moon), but that's for asteroids of diameter 1 km and larger. There are probably estimates for smaller bodies, but they aren't easy to find, although there's probably useful info in the articles linked at What is the average distance between objects in our asteroid belt?

There are regions in the asteroid belt with higher that average concentrations of grit and dust. It's probably a good idea to avoid them, if practical, but they don't pose a major hazard for typical spacecraft. According to veteran asteroid hunter Tom Gehrels of the University of Arizona, in this Scientific American article from 1997,

In some ways, the asteroid belt is actually emptier than we might like. In the early 1990s, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration wanted the Galileo spacecraft to encounter an asteroid while it was passing through the asteroid belt on its way to Jupiter. But it took some effort to find an object that was located even roughly along Galileo's path. Special targeting was required to reach this object, but the result was the first close-up view of an asteroid, the one called Gaspra.

The number of objects in the asteroid belt increases steeply with decreasing size, but even at micrometer sizes the Pioneer spacecraft were hit only a few times during their passage.

That list bit is very interesting "... but even at micrometer sizes the Pioneer spacecraft were hit only a few times during their passage.". Pioneer collided with some asteroids! — Kenny Evitt, Dec 23 '20 at 16:49
@Kenny When they're that small I call them dusteroids. :) Mind you, I wouldn't want my ship to run into them if I were travelling at ultra-relativistic speed... — PM 2Ring, Dec 24 '20 at 21:13

Why do exploration spacecraft like Voyager 1 and 2 go through the asteroid belt, and not over or below it?

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