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There is now an electron microscope in space!

Suppose that once I win a lottery I can build a small, modest SEM column and put it in a 6U cubesat that opens one side to allow the electron optics to be open to the vacuum of space rather than providing any cumbersome vacuum pumping.

The cubesat is released from the ISS so it's exposed to the environment at 400 km. It's equipped with a big 100m x 1 cm loop of kapton or thin metal foil on a motor so that it collects micrometeorite (or Andromeda strain) impacts and then studies them, at least that's my excuse for launching it, hopefully they'll let me navigate it around the ISS to study damage to the various materials on the outside of the ISS.

Question: Just how good is the vacuum at 400 km for a SEM. Can it be expressed in Torr? In other words, 1E-03? 1E-06? 1E-10? How high can it rise during a period of high solar activity?

My little SEM has mostly encapsulated solenoid electromagnets (100 gauss to say 1 kG) along with some small scan coils for imaging and electrostatic lenses in the gun. Will that be a problem in terms of charged particles up there or the Earth's field?

What about the hot tungsten filament in the electron gun? Will that be a problem?

Will my secondary electron detector be swamped by electrons in space?

Even if the vacuum turns out to be pretty good, are there species that will attack materials in my SEM?

uhoh
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    High vacuum work is my hobby, so this is an insanely interesting question. – ikrase Feb 23 '20 at 01:51
  • @ikrase I really wish that there were an Experimental Techniques in the Physical Sciences SE site. Chemistry, Biology and Earth Science SE are happy to field these kinds of questions as are Engineering SE and Electronics SE but Physics SE either ignores them or closes them as "not about Physics". – uhoh Feb 23 '20 at 02:03
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    I strongly agree. I also wish there was a "vacuum, plasma, mass-spec, and SEM" site though IDK how many people would use it. – ikrase Feb 23 '20 at 05:09
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    @ikrase don't say that last part ;-) At some point in the future it may be viable to start a new SE site if there is broad enough support. – uhoh Feb 23 '20 at 05:18
  • Electron microscope can only image conductive objects so you need to somehow blow a thin metal coating to your target. Also the ions and and charged particles could introduce a ton of noise because your microscope could end up being a geiger counter or spectrometer for cosmic rays. – user3528438 Apr 14 '20 at 03:51
  • @user3528438 I have some first hand experience with electron microscopy of small dielectric particles and structures; 1) As long as you can avoid charging the sample faster than it can discharge you're okay, sometimes getting the population statistics of approximate particle sizes is useful even if you don't have ultimate-resolution images of individual particles, and 2) for some measurements like EDX you can also tolerate some charging. At higher kV there are multiple secondary electrons for one incoming electron so dielectrics will charge positive, but at low voltage (e.g. below 1 kV)... – uhoh Apr 14 '20 at 04:51
  • @user3528438 ...you can roughly balance the incoming charge from the beam with the outgoing charge from secondaries. It really depends on what kind of measurement you're trying to make. A random example of a high-resolution sub- 1 kV SEM: https://www.hitachi-hightech.com/global/products/device/semiconductor/cd-sem.html and also Nonconducting specimens may be imaged without coating using an environmental SEM (ESEM) or low-voltage mode of SEM operation. – uhoh Apr 14 '20 at 04:51

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It looks like the atmospheric pressure at the ISS's 400km altitude is in the high vacuum range of 1E-6 torr. (760 torr = 1 bar). This may be somewhat complicated by the fact that the thermosphere wildly varies in temperature.

This level, by itself, is good enough for most of the high-vacuum technologies such as electron guns, mass spectrometers, etc, but it is not at the ultra-high-vacuum level (1E-9 torr) needed for some of the most modern and most advanced vacuum technologies. As a general rule, miniaturization helps vacuum and charged particle technology work at mediocre vacuums.

It's common for the different parts of an electron microscope to be pumped to wildly different qualities of vacuum, with the column sometimes being pumped down to insane levels of UHV while the sample chamber simply cannot be pumped to that level because it must contain the sample, which has a nonzero vapor pressure. If you want to use a UHV column (needed for some of the longest-lasting and most technologically advanced electron emitters, less so for the traditional tungsten filament) you can probably just mostly close it off and run ion pumps (no moving parts!) to pump it down even further -- there is no need to seal it.

You may have some concerns about outgassing from materials in your cubesat -- the interior of the column should still probably be made only of materials that a normal SEM would be made of (stainless steel, copper, aluminum, gold, silver, nickel, glass, ceramic, tungsten, and molybdenum, plus the absolute minimum quantity of Viton elastomer or PEEK plastic when you absolutely need it).

Unfortunately I cannot give much of an answer about the magnetic fields or electrons in space except that the latter may be able to be dealt with by appropriate electrostatic screening.

ikrase
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