Does the ISS keep a standing watch with one person always up and awake and monitoring while the others sleep, or do all the astronauts sleep and work and they all get alerted in case of issues beyond the normal scheduled stuff?
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It definitely does, and not just one person - except these people are ground-based.
The astronaut crew is only a small fraction of the number of people operating, controlling and maintaining ISS. While astronauts operate in shifts, and usually (though not always) at the same time, periods when everyone on the station is asleep aren't anything infrequent. Especially after long EVA, where two astronauts work outside the station, while others take care of the robotic arm, systems, maintenance, and aid these on EVA in preparations and return, you'll have everyone asleep after a long period of joint activity.
Meanwhile, the control center operates 24/7, and save for brief periods where ISS is outside reach of all ground stations, they perform maneuvers, perform IT maintenance, control experiments that are remotely operable, monitor station status, apply regulation of life support systems, and so forth, and so on. There's way too much work just for the astronaut crew - the astronauts only do what can't be done remotely, or doing what remotely would be impossible, dangerous or troublesome, e.g. due to transmission delay (ping), or lack of remote control infrastructure.
SF.
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12How long are the periods when the ISS is outside reach of all ground stations? – A. Rex Oct 02 '17 at 12:57
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30@A.Rex you can (and should) make that a new question on the site. Go ahead. I'll upvote it. – Mindwin Remember Monica Oct 02 '17 at 13:18
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@A.Rex I agree with Mindwin. This would be a good question on its own. Be bold, ask the question, get the upvotes! :-) – Tristan Oct 02 '17 at 14:37
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I agree with all of you, ask the question. We need to know! :) – mickburkejnr Oct 02 '17 at 15:58
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8Interesting thing that I learned watching one of Cmdr. Hadfield's talks - they actually have books and manuals (and they've gone through training) to completely re-install the space station firmware/OS. – Wayne Werner Oct 02 '17 at 16:13
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1I asked a full-fledged question on the site: https://space.stackexchange.com/q/23217/21219 – A. Rex Oct 02 '17 at 20:18
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@WayneWerner I hope it's not Windows 10! – Robert Columbia Oct 03 '17 at 00:20
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1@RobertColumbia: IIRC, it's Linux. – SF. Oct 03 '17 at 01:26