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1500 questions
216
votes
5 answers

Difference in sites-available vs sites-enabled vs conf.d directories (Nginx)?

I have some experience using linux but none using nginx. I have been tasked with researching load-balancing options for an application server. I have used apt-get to install nginx and all seems fine. I have a couple of questions. What is the…
Seth Spearman
  • 2,321
215
votes
18 answers

How to use rsync over FTP

Any unix: I have the following cmd line which works fine. rsync -avr -e ssh /home/dir user@example.com:/home/ But I need to set it up now to rsync to a remote server that only has an FTP server on it. How do I go about that? I looked at the rsync…
bumperbox
  • 2,353
215
votes
8 answers

How to setup passwordless `sudo` on Linux?

How can passwordless sudo access be setup on either RHEL (Fedora, CentOS, etc) or Ubuntu distributions? (If it's the same across distros, that's even better!) Setting: personal and/or lab/training equipment with no concern for unauthorized access…
warren
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215
votes
11 answers

How to read backward from the end of file in less or more?

I've found one way so far: less +G filename, but it scrolls up line-by-line only with ↑. What's a more powerful less usage which provides scrolling by page, backward pattern search, and so on?
yetanothercoder
  • 2,255
214
votes
10 answers

How to refresh hosts file without rebooting

On Windows, how do you refresh the hosts file without rebooting?
kakridge
213
votes
1 answer

SSH use only my password, Ignore my ssh key, don't prompt me for a passphrase

This is a question regarding the OpenSSH client on Linux, MacOSX and FreeBSD. Normally, I log into systems using my SSH key. Occasionally, I want my SSH client to ignore my SSH key and use a password instead. If I 'ssh hostname', my client prompts…
Stefan Lasiewski
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212
votes
13 answers

hosts file ignored, how to troubleshoot?

The hosts file on Windows computers is used to bind certain name strings to specific IP addresses to override other name resolution methods. Often, one decides to change the hosts file, and discovers that the changes refuse to take effect, or that…
Superbest
  • 5,345
212
votes
6 answers

VirtualBox: How to set up networking so both host and guest can access internet and talk to each other

I was wondering if someone could give me a simple guide on how to set up virtual networking in VirtualBox (4.0.2) so that the following scenarios work: Both Host and Guest can access the Internet Host can ping Guest and vice versa Host can access,…
Svish
  • 7,257
209
votes
8 answers

How do you validate fstab without rebooting?

I modified /etc/fstab. I verified the new devices and I can mount them with the mount command. How may I validate the modifications made to /etc/fstab ?
Luc M
  • 3,290
208
votes
15 answers

How to reconnect to a disconnected ssh session

Is there a way to connect to an ssh session that was disconnected? We are having problems with our network connection to a remote site that we are working on separately; however, in the mean time we experience a large number of disconnects due to…
palehorse
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207
votes
3 answers

Possible to change email address in keypair?

I've created an RSA keypair that I used for SSH, and it includes my email address. (At the end of the public key.) I've now changed my email address. Is it possible to change the email address on the key, or is it part of the key and I would have to…
Ram Rachum
  • 5,301
206
votes
4 answers

Meaning of the buffers/cache line in the output of free

Why does my server show total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 12286456 11715372 571084 0 81912 6545228 -/+ buffers/cache: 5088232 7198224 Swap: 24571408 54528 24516880 I have no idea on…
Muahmmad Zeeshan
  • 2,163
206
votes
9 answers

Check if array is empty in Bash

I have an array which gets filled with different error messages as my script runs. I need a way to check if it is empty of not at the end of the script and take a specific action if it is. I have already tried treating it like a normal VAR and using…
Marcos Sander
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205
votes
5 answers

What is a glue record?

This is a Canonical Question about DNS glue records. What exactly (but briefly) is a DNS glue record? Why are they needed and how do they work?
LanceBaynes
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205
votes
6 answers

How do I convert a .cer certificate to .pem?

I have a .cer certificate and I would like to convert it to the .pem format. If I remember correctly, I used to be able to convert them by exporting the .cer in Base64, then renaming the file to .pem . How do I convert a .cer certificate to .pem?
systempuntoout
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