I wouldn't call it integration, but knowing that the thermal conductivity is a constant, as well as the boundary temperature, you can calculate
$$\frac{dT}{dx}=\frac{T_2-T_1}{\Delta x}.$$
And then there is the difference between heat flow and heat flux, the latter being the heat flow per unit area, hence the factor $A$.
Formally, you would not know that the temperature profile is linear, but you can derive it from Fourier's law. Basically, you assume that the heat flux on point 1 and point 2 are equal, which givees you the steady state form of the heat equation
$$\frac{d^2T}{dx^2}=0,$$
which is integrated twice to obtain the linear profile.