How significant was the Fall of Constantinople as an event leading to the Age of Exploration?

Question

I have been hearing that the Fall of Constantinople was the most important event that ultimately led to the Age of Exploration, mainly the discovery of the New World by Columbus and of the sea route to India by Vasco da Gama.

However, from what I know, Ottoman Turks had surrounded the Byzantine empire for quite some time before they actually managed to win the legendary city of Constantinople. Byzantines in their last few years were hanging on to very tiny land around Constantinople, and Turks had already gained their foothold in Europe. So is it not true that this conquest of 1453 was merely a prestigious event? (This might be an exaggeration, but you get the idea)

Furthermore, the Ottoman Turks wasn't the only Islamic kingdom that stood between Europe and the other end of Silk route, namely India and China. The area to the east of Byzantine empire had been controlled by Islamic kingdoms and caliphates for almost 800 years before the fall of Constantinople; and yet the silk road existed during that time. Then why would the fall of Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire be the last straw that broke the camel's back? Or is it really true that because of this, Europeans got worked up and ended up discovering sea routes to India and the New World?

Answer 1

The Fall of Constantinople had a negligible effect on the launching of the Age of Discovery, school textbooks notwithstanding. It was well under way a generation earlier, due to the perfection of the caravel in Portugal under Prince Henry the Navigator and the explorations he launched down the coast of Africa. The Madeira Islands had been rediscovered in 1420 and the Azores discovered in 1427. By 1455-56 the Cape Verde archipelago had been discovered and explored. By 1444 the Portuguese had explored to Cap-Vert, the westernmost tip of Africa, and:

By 1452, the influx of gold permitted the minting of Portugal's first gold cruzado coins. A cruzado was equal to 400 reis at the time. From 1444 to 1446, as many as forty vessels sailed from Lagos on Henry's behalf, and the first private mercantile expeditions began.

The Muslim monopoly on trade existed with or without the Ottomans, and affected trade with sub-Saharan Africa as well as along the Silk Road to the Indies and China. The African Gold Coast and Ivory Coast are aptly named, and through the Middle Ages Europeans had believed, rightly or wrongly, that an inappropriate profit was being made not only by the Muslim rulers who controlled these trade routes, but also by the Venetian and Genoese trade cartels that controlled trade in the Mediterranean.

Not to be outdone by Portugal, and with the Reconquista in Spain completed in 1492, the monarchs of united Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella, were free to devote resources to their own exploration. Forbidden by the Papal Bull of 1481 from exploring Africa, they invested a modest flotilla to the command of an experienced Genoese (he claimed) pilot by the name of Cristoforo Colombo who claimed that the Indies were reachable by sailing West instead of south and east.

While Columbus's calculations of the Earth's diameter were widely believed to be inaccurate by a factor of 2, neither was this definitive. The Grand Banks of Newfoundland were not officially discovered until Cabot's voyage of 1497, but throughout the 15th century there had been rumours of a land of cod across the North Atlantic, circumstantially suggesting that a few fishing families knew of them and were keeping its location a trade secret. It is quite possible that Columbus, either intentionally or unintentionally, fudged his calculations in order to obtain funds to discover exactly what the source of the rumours was. The rest, of course, is history.

Update - from Spice Prices in the Near East in the 15th Century: (my emphasis)

It is a well known fact that the discovery of the sea route to India and the ensuing scarcity of spices and other Indian products on the markets of Alexandria and Damascus resulted in their prices rising steeply. Judging from Venetian sources, the change in the condition of the Levantine trade was catastrophic. On the other hand, some scholars have already drawn attention to the fact that pepper prices fell considerably on European markets in the period preceding the expeditions of Vasco da Gama [starting 1497-99, and thus precisely the period following the capture of Constantinople], and especially in the second quarter of the 15th century. ... In order to explain the tremendous impact of the rise of spice prices at the beginning of the 16th century ...

Answer 2

It had a significant effect. It was not just Constantinople itself that was important but several other strategic areas as well. Constantinople was a key trading center on both the northern and southern silk roads, so that when it fell in 1453 trade was greatly disrupted and goods from the east became much more expensive.

The southern silk road route, which flowed through Antioch, had been largely cut off two hundred years earlier when that city fell in 1268. The elimination of trade was gradual, but continuous. By roughly 1430 Antioch had become a ghost town and the southern silk road was kaput.

The northern silk road became completely cut off by the Ottoman in 1461. The northern silk road was controlled by the Empire of Trebizond, which survived briefly after Constantinople was taken. In 1461 the Ottomans captured Trebizond and followed it up in 1471 by obliterating the Genoan trading colony at Tana and building in its place a large castle, which the Ottomans called Azak (Azov). This ended the northern silk road.

After this, goods such as silk, pepper and cinnamon could only reach Venice or other locations in Europe by the whim of the Ottomans and they became significantly more expensive. The nobles of Italy, Spain and Portugal all wanted to get more luxury goods, or even better, somehow get control of the lucrative trade (which belonged to Venice and Genoa) for themselves.

In 1474, an Italian astronomer named Toscanelli promoted the viability of reaching the spice islands via the ocean and this idea was broached to King Afonso of Portugal. Portugal had already built a significant exploratory capability by the efforts of Prince Henry the Navigator. Using this capability the explorers of the Age of Discovery began looking for a new way to India and the Spice Islands.

Answer 3

the Fall of Constantinople was the most important event that ultimately led to the Age of Exploration, mainly the discovery of the New World by Columbus and of the sea route to India by Vasco da Gama.

Maybe ... Maybe not ... Let's see ...

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• On one hand, the European Age of Discovery had already begun over three decades before the aforementioned event even took place, in 1419, with the Portuguese discoveries of Prince Henry the Navigator.

• On the other hand, Islamic expansion clearly constituted a strong motivating factor even for these pre-1453 exploratory endeavors, so the question now becomes what precisely is to be included under the expression Fall of Constantinople ?

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• On one hand, the steady influx of Greek scholars into Italy following the 1204 Crusader Sack of Constantinople, and the classical knowledge they brought with them, played a very important role in Columbus' decision to find the way to the Indies by circumnavigating the globe.

• On the other hand, one could also argue that the events of 1453 have only helped to precipitate this preexisting phenomenon; or, alternately, one might inquire, as in the previous case, what historical events, precisely, are to be covered by the syntagm Fall of Constantinople ?

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TLDR : Are the rise of the Ottoman Empire (~1300) and the Sack of Constantinople (~1200) to be included in the phrase Fall of Constantinople ? If so, then the answer would be that the thus-defined Fall was of paramount importance; if not, then the answer would be that it was merely the drop that filled the bucket, the last nail in the coffin, or something along those lines.

Answer 4

Just to complement Geerkens' answer. Portugal had the Order of Christ. Originally the Portuguese Templars, they were incorporated in a new order when the Templars were suppressed. With the end of the reconquista and loss of relevance of the crusades, the Order progressively lost its warrior-monk nature. In the end of the c. XV, its lay members did not have to be monks, celibate, or have military training anymore, and in 1417 Prince Henry the Navigator had become the Grand Master. It become in a sense just another knightly order mastered by the royal family.

But one that still had extensive land revenue, noble and clerical members. And this revenue was bound to be used for the propagation of the faith, charity, and the defense of the kingdom against infidels, even if there were no more Muslim states in Western Iberia. (So the king could not just pocket the money without losing face)

The order could have evolved into another charitable organization, or the kings could have grabbed everything and dared the other nobles in the order to oppose them.

But they decided to focus on navigation, early in c. XV. Obviously it is easy to imagine 'is there a direct route to India?" - but the point is that discovering Africa was a nice objective by itself. They knew that Morocco had extensive southern trade via Saharan caravans, even because they had taken Ceuta in 1415 and could trade themselves at the end of this route. Not only the names Ivory Coast and Gold Coast were not misnomers, but also the Portuguese were already expecting to find those goods there.

They would have less expenses trading by ship than the Moroccans had trading by desert caravans - so they had good hopes of dominating the trade with good profits even without conquering the whole African hinterland.

Moreover, their trade would (and did) hurt Morocco and Algiers (Saharan caravans become much less important after the age of discoveries). The reconquista had still not finished (Granada was still there), and they still feared an Muslim reversal of the reconquista (why not? Some jihadists like the Almoravids could not rise again? besides that, the Barbary pirates were always active)

It is very easy to justify the navigations as defense of the kingdom and propagation of the faith in this context. In 1460, a 5 percent levy on all merchandise from new African lands were already going to the Order, besides, even before, of other taxes and the "quinto" (20% of profits) due to Henry or the order as the sponsors. They paid for much of the great discoveries and the red cross in the sails is their symbol, not a Portuguese one. The order church at Tomar was the first ecclesiastical jurisdiction to cover Brazil - not long afterwards Lisbon Diocese took over.

After reaching Ivory Coast and exploring southern currents (Volta do Mar), it looked that it was possible to continue south... Reaching India could be more than a pipe dream after all? The African profits were attracting more resources and people? Nice. Morocco and Algiers are getting poorer? Nice too.

When East Mediterranean routes become even less reliable after the loss of Constantinople, Asian products become even more valuable, and the Ottomans become more dangerous, this could only increase their resolve. But they already had their reasons, the resolve and steady organizational financing for it well before the fall of Constantinople, when African (done) and Asian (potential) trades were already valuable enough to justify the effort.

Answer 5

It had everything to do with it. Constantinople was the linchpin and western terminal of the silk road. Once the Turks took it, they controlled it. They were far more interested in conquest and religion than commerce, so prices went up enormously.

European nations (Portugal, Spain) were already exploring the coast of Africa, but now it became economically very attractive. One returned cargo load would cover all the cost involved and then some more. Ships can carry far more cargo than a caravan anyway. Traveling over land was no longer possible/too dangerous/too expensive. So an alternative had to be found.

One way was around the coast of Africa, crossing the Indian Ocean. Another was crossing the Atlantic (Columbus). A third way was going north (the Dutch tried that, but never succeeded).

Technically speaking the age of exploration had already begun before the fall of Constantinople. But that event made it economically feasible.

Answer 6

The Fall of Constantinople was one of the most significant events in world history. If you pick up a mainstream historical text-(be it a high school text, college text or even a graduate school text), many Western historians will often say that The Fall of Constantinople was the official starting point of The Modern Western Age, beginning in the year...1453.

(I tend to disagree with such a mainstream scholarly position in that I believe that it was The Northern Italian Renaissance, beginning in the year 1400, which catalyzed The Modern Western Age and its intellectual/cultural identity. True, The Fall of Constantinople greatly allowed for the acceleration and refinement of The Northern Italian Renaissance; though Byzantium's collapse, from my perspective, is secondary, as to when one should accurately chronicle the origin of The Modern West).

In addition to the historical nexus between Constantinople's collapse and Northern Italy's ascendancy-(especially with its intellectual/cultural ascendance in Florence and Venice), The Fall of Constantinople-(a.k.a. the collapse of The Byzantine Empire), also had a profound impact on a number of budding superpowers and empires. The first empire to benefit from Byzantium's collapse, was obviously the Ottoman Empire, the second power to benefit from Byzantium's collapse was the above mentioned Northern Italy, though other superpowers, such as Tsarist Russia, would come to identify itself as "The Third Rome"-(referring to the legacy of Constantinople) and yes, even the Iberian powers from the more distant Western Mediterranean region, would also greatly benefit from Byzantium's collapse.

By the year 1500, it had been nearly 50 years since The Fall of Constantinople and the birth of the Ottoman Empire. During this time, the age of exploration kicked off and led to the vast oceanic and continental expansion of Spain and Portugal.

For the Spanish and the Portuguese, much of the Mediterranean region was "off limits". Both the Ottoman and even the smaller, but still powerful, Venetian and Genoese mercantile empires, controlled the entirety of the Eastern Mediterranean region, as well as the greater Middle Eastern region, thereby blocking larger waterway routes, such as the Dardanelles/Hellespont, the Bosporus and the Nile River.

But, the Western Mediterranean region was essentially, an unoccupied and unconquered waterway zone which allowed for free, uninterrupted exploratory and navigational opportunities. Such an opportunity allowed The Iberian Powers to literally sail westward through The Straits of Gibraltar, as well as the Atlantic Ocean. Perhaps if the Genoese and Venetian Italian mercantilist empires and/or the Ottoman Empire had conquered the Western Mediterranean region, the Iberian powers may not have had such an opportunity for vast oceanic and continental exploration-(and conquest).

In the case of Christopher Columbus-(the man who NEVER discovered America, though had discovered the AmericaS), one must remember that he was NOT of Iberian ethnic descent-(that is to say, he was neither of Spanish, nor Portuguese ethnic descent, but, was of Genoese Italian descent). While it has never really been proven, it has been speculated by a few historians that Christopher Columbus and/or members of his family, had routinely sailed back and forth between his native Genoa and the Aegean islands-(especially, to the island of Chios....of Homeric fame). Many of these Aegean islands, were, at the time, under Genoese Italian mercantilist control until the early-mid 1500's when they fell to the Ottomans. If there is any historical legitimacy or truth to this claim, then it may broaden our understanding of Christopher Columbus' biography and seeing him more as a man with deep Mediterranean ethnic and cultural roots, who was personally aware of the burgeoning influence and power of The Ottomans and as a result, (both he, as well as the Iberian monarchs), looked elsewhere for an alternate route to the East Indies. Such an unconventional view may debunk the more mainstream (and embellished) view of Christopher Columbus as a man who happened to have been from Genoa, Italy, who lived in Spain for a short time and then "sailed the ocean blue" reaching what he believed to have been India-(or Sri Lanka), though instead, had inadvertently and unwittingly "discovered" America.

Overall, when looking at The Fall of Constantinople and birth of The Ottoman Empire, one should try to view such an event more contextually and broadly, especially with regard to its consequential role and influence on the geopolitics of the greater Mediterranean region and the larger world events that would ensue.