Prior to shapefiles and geodatabases, the default ESRI vector data storage format was the coverage. Later iterations of the coverage included the regions concept, whereby (for example) multiple features represented a single region. Hawaii was a classic example, where multiple polygons (islands) were associated with one region (the cluster of islands comprising the State of Hawaii). Specific Arc tools were developed to create, manage and analyze regions-based data. They still exist at the 10.5 level, for example the "Polygon Coverage to Region" tool.
But such tools are specific to the coverage data format, and I don't see the regions concept described in either the shapefile or geodatabase literature. I'm curious how regions are implemented in those more modern data formats. Obviously I'm missing something because Hawaii still exists, even with the slow demise of the coverage!
My specific question is, how is the regions concept - as opposed to individual features - stored, managed and analyzed in shapefiles and geodatabases?