What is the mechanism behind "gut feelings"?

Question

I'm thinking of a phenomenon that I've first observed in myself when taking an IQ test. Upon looking at the question, I selected an answer, but got this "gut feeling" or a hint that something was wrong with my response. Upon seeing the answers, the question was indeed answered incorrectly. I've observed this phenomenon several more times in different situations and can define it as a very quick flash of awareness or feeling that quickly subsides.

What is the neuroscience behind such "gut feelings" or "intuitions"?

I'm particularly interested if such "almost" answers are some form of cognitive process, where some neurons fire, but not enough to produce a fully formed insight/idea/judgement.

Because the question that I was originally trying to answer was not lexical, but involved some rational thinking, I do not believe that this is exactly the "tip of the tongue" phenomenon.

Answer 1

Intuition and implicit learning

I recommend you have a read through Lieberman's (2000) review and theory article on intuition.

Lieberman argues that intuition is a cognitive and behavioural consequence of implicit learning processes. Intuition is contrasted with more deliberate thought processes. It also reflects situations where it is often not possible to articulate the reasons for a decision or belief.

These links with implicit learning are extensive. Much of skilled performance is performed automatically without conscious effort. We also build extensive associations between stimuli and decision relevant information. Furthermore, processes of learning can lead us to forget the reasons why something is true or why something is good, while retaining the fact that it is true or that it is good.

Lieberman suggests various neural components important to intuition:

It is concluded that the caudate and putamen, in the basal ganglia, are central components of both intuition and implicit learning, supporting the proposed relationship.

Answering multiple choice questions

Your specific question concerns answering multiple choice questions.

One explanation of the phenomena you describe is that you may retrospectively analyse your feeling of doubt once you know the correct answer. You may dwell more on your feelings of doubt when you get an answer wrong, but presumably are less likely to do so on the questions where you had doubt but ultimately got the question right.

More generally, partial knowledge is not unusual when answering multiple choice questions. And presumably that feeling of uncertainty regarding the correct answer could come about by either deliberate reasoning or some intuitive unarticulated reason.

References

• Lieberman, M. D. (2000). Intuition: a social cognitive neuroscience approach. Psychological bulletin, 126(1), 109. PDF

Answer 2

Our research and clinical studies with hundreds of people over a 40 year period as educators and counselors revealed to us that people have gut feelings that relate to two specific instinctual needs and gut responses of acceptance (attention) and freedom (control of one;s one responses). Our gut feelings of emptiness and fullness (not to be confused with hunger) reveal how well these needs are being met and how well they are in balance. Our experience with people indicated that intuitive intelligence is dependent upon our awareness of these gut feelings. We invite you to explore our work in our book "What's Behind Your Belly Button? A Psychological Perspective of the Intelligence of Human Nature and Gut Instinct" and come peruse our blog on the subject of gut feeling: http://instinctualgutfeelings.blogspot.com

Martha Love and Robert Sterling

Answer 3

The book The Power of Habit brought up a tale in the first chapter about a man who lost the capability of storing long term memory because of brain damage. He could not remember conversations or TV shows he watched just 10 minutes ago. He could still walk and have normal conversations, just that he would repeat the same questions.

However, his man was able to learn new things because a part of his brain (the basal ganglia) stored habits. He kept his old habits, like cooking bacon for himself every morning. He developed new habits like walking outside and coming back, even though he could not remember the road back to his house.

They did a basic memory test by joining objects to different colored cardboard rectangles. Under some of the rectangles the word "correct" was written. Most people can easily memorize which objects are "correct" within a few minutes. As this man had brain damage, he could not remember it no matter how hard he tried.

After a few days of repeating the same tests, he got up to 85% success, then 95% success. He did not remember any of this. To him, he had never seen the objects before and had a gut feeling of which objects were "correct". The inference here is that they were stored in the part of the mind that stores routines/habits. (Duhigg, 2012)

I would assume that a "gut feeling" works in a similar manner. You see have seen certain patterns repeated several times, and it develops into a routine in your brain. Long after these patterns have been removed from your conscious memory, you still have them stored somewhere in the form of a routine. They're especially noticeable with trivia knowledge. People who work in the fire department develop a 'sixth sense' for dangerous situations because they've observed the same cues that occur before a dangerous situation multiple times.

To summarize, a gut feeling is likely a recollection of certain micropatterns that you've seen several times before.

Source: Duhigg, C. (2012). The Habit Loop: How Habits Work, The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do in Life and Business.

Answer 4

Extraction of data from the environment. Put against experience, possibility...

I explained to someone who does not believe in intuition that one could think of intuition as a glass sitting close to the edge of a table during a family gathering. Kids are running around, people are talking, not paying attention or idly nudging their children away from the 'danger areas.' Each time they pass back, there is a chance something could happen, intuition is the realization of these; you can even put odds on it. It's important to use intuition to completely rule out catastrophic possibilities (the glass is grandma's 300 year old vase, for instance.) You can just see it in your mind, it falling and breaking, and it's hard to understand without intervention, how it would not happen eventually.

The more experience you have with those situations (could be someone lying, could be an red flag that you don't want to get in a car with someone) .... general life experience, allows for more 'intuition' or 'gut feelings.' It's not magical.

I have always been an intuitive thinker, even as a child, and people made me go back and 'show my work,' so I have also learned how to explain my intuitions by working backwards and explaining what is leading me there.

It's, at its simplistic form, probability, a kind of formula you plug data into and once the probability of something reaches a certain threshold, you say, "I got a bad feeling!" Or, it can also be used on the other end, as well. "This is money in the bank." It's also, obviously, not 100%, but it's important to note, there is very little you can look at and predict with 100% certainty. Some people have better luck than others; I'd say they have a better formula or can extract more data.