Based on the comments from the accepted answer, it looks like you're wanting to backup the key used to encrypt the internal and/or external storage. It is likely possible that you can backup both of the encryption key(s) if you can get root using dmsetup. If you have backups of the encrypted block devices and have the key, you can access the decrypted files on a linux system supporting dm-crypt.
In order to do a backup of the internal storage block device, you'll need to have the bootloader unlocked to use TWRP or be rooted. If you relock the bootloader, userdata will be wiped, and I suspect a new encryption key generated, so be careful of that.
There's also an alternative method for getting the encryption key for the external storage, root needed as well.