You were refused entry for not having an appropriate visa or residence permit (letter C on the standard refusal of entry form). You should have also received the standard entry refusal form.
France does not usually issue entry bans for not having sufficient documents. French law provides several grounds for denying entries due to previous administrative or judicial decisions:
- a judicial ban from the territory: for serious crimes pronounced by a criminal court judge, not applicable if you did not get a court order, and not having sufficient document is not a crime punishable by judicial ban
- a deportation order: against persons who are illegal in France for exceptional serious reasons (public safety or national security threat), not applicable to you since you did not enter France
- a ban on returning to French territory: for persons required to leave France (you did not enter France), not applicable in any case since the maximum length is three years
- a ban on movement on French territory: against European citizens with right of free movement, not applicable to you
- an administrative ban from the territory: the only thing that is possible for you, although very unlikely since an administrative ban can only be issued for serious threats to public order
In all cases, if you did receive a ban, a written decision must be communicated to you. Given the situation you described and assuming you did not received additional documents, you are unlikely to have been banned by France.
Depending on your risk appetite, to be very certain, you can also request your personal information from the French border guards and the Schengen Information system. But information requests from abroad may be complicated and take a long time which may interfere your travel plans.
Of course, no one can guarantee that you will be allowed to enter, that is the border guard's decision on the day. But if France did not place a ban on you, there is no ground to refuse you just because you were denied entry previously; and in practice, an American passport usually gets few if any questions.
That said, you should be prepared that you may encounter more scrutiny due to previous refusal of entry. So you should judiciously prepare the required documents and proofs of intention and fund (e.g. hotel bookings, return tickets, the mandatory travel insurance conforming to Schengen requirements, bank statements).
As a relatively minor point, Schengen does not practice visas on arrival in general (qualified family members of EU citizens excepted). You either require or do not require a visa depending on your nationality on the travel document.
There is a project to implement a predeparture electronic authorization system (ETIAS) in the near future (despite repeated delays). If it is implemented and enters into force, as a visa-free national, you will need to apply for the electronic authorization ahead of your travel.
Perhaps as an assurance to you, in principle ETIAS should already check if your name is in the list of persons affected by an alert in the Schengen information system.
