Is 678 km the new altitude record for a rocket shot "straight up" (vertical launch)?

Question

The Space Daily April 10th Rocket Science item Europe's largest sounding rocket launched from Esrange says:

MAXUS 9, Europe's largest sounding rocket for experiments in microgravity, successfully lifted off from SSC's (Swedish Space Corporation's) launch facility Esrange Space Center in northern Sweden.

The rocket was launched at 11:30 local time and carried nine scientific experiments and a technology demonstrator, all together 579 kg, to an altitude of 678 km which enabled slightly more than 12 minutes and of stable microgravity, $10^{-5}$ g

A quick estimate shows that a ballistic trajectory rising to that height and then returning would indeed have a time of about 12 and a half minutes, so I am guessing there was just enough delta-v (about 3600 m/s) to attain vertical velocity quickly, and then the next twelve minutes were free-fall, and there would be no attempt to achieve substantial horizontal velocity to prolong the duration of the zero gee status.

Is that roughly correct?

Is this a new time and/or altitude record for this kind of trajectory?

I suspect the record is for an ICBM test. These tend to be very fast, and testing they often will go almost vertical. But good luck getting the information on this one... — PearsonArtPhoto, Apr 20 '17 at 13:45
@PearsonArtPhoto I can imagine that when testing an ICBM, one might have chosen a fairly vertical trajectory to avoid scaring the heck out of the rest of the planet. — uhoh, Apr 20 '17 at 15:16
@PearsonArtPhoto I don't know, according to XMen Apocalypse, the ICBMs don't go very high. They also don't cause much damage even when controlled by someone wanting to create an apocalypse. — Chloe, Apr 20 '17 at 15:42
@Chloe according to XMen Apocalypse mutants are roaming the Earth. Yet I see none. — Federico, Apr 21 '17 at 14:06
Real ICBMs in action don't go that far. Testing them, it is common to launch them nearly vertical to minimize fear from other countries, etc. — PearsonArtPhoto, Apr 21 '17 at 16:41
You might be surprised. This image shows MIRVs re-entering over Kwajalein Atoll after an intercontinental range test. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Peacekeeper-missile-testing.jpg — Organic Marble, Jul 21 '18 at 22:27

score 31 · Accepted Answer · edited Apr 20 '17 at 20:05

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New Horizons went into Earth parking orbit first, so it doesn't count. For a suborbital direct ascent trajectory, some early lunar probes (USSR's Luna-1 for example) would hold this record. Otherwise, early vertical research probes included the Blue Scout Junior, one of which reached 44400 km on 1961 Dec 4 (mission O-2) - another may have reached 225000 km on 1961 Aug 17 (mission O-1) although it wasn't tracked, so we're not sure if it really made it. A Chinese suborbital probe reached over 10000 km and possibly 30000 km on 2013 May 13. So the ICBMs, which are optimized for range and not apogee and only get to at most 2000 km or so, are not remotely in the running.

The record for a launch from Europe is probably Rubis 04, launched from Biscarosse, France, in July 1967 to 2000 km or so. The French navy also launch missiles from submarines off the coast of Brittany towards S America, but their apogee is likely closer to 1000 km (and of course, is secret).

You can find more at my catalog of orbital and suborbital space launches at JSR Launch Vehicle Database, 2016 Dec 30 Edition.

edited Apr 20 '17 at 20:05

Ricardo

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answered Apr 20 '17 at 15:40

Jonathan McDowell

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New Horizons went into Earth parking orbit first, so it doesn't count. I've tried to find information on this, but can't. It seems to contradict other things I've read. Do you have a reference you can point to? – Steve Apr 20 '17 at 17:12
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@Steve - I found that statement here: New Horizons Mission Design, page 30: It was first inserted into an elliptical Earth parking orbit of perigee altitude 165 km and apogee altitude 215 km. After a short coast in the parking orbit, the spacecraft was then injected into the desired heliocentric orbit – Ricardo Apr 20 '17 at 18:23
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@Steve - On page 13, it says: The New Horizons spacecraft is first placed into an Earth parking orbit by the first stage and the Centaur’s first burn, and then injected into the specified heliocentric trajectory through the combined injection burn supplied by the Centaur (second burn) and the STAR 48B after a short coasting in the parking orbit. – Ricardo Apr 20 '17 at 18:24
@Steve - There's another mention of it coasting in parking orbit here: Spaceflight 101 - New Horizons Project History & Mission Profile – Ricardo Apr 20 '17 at 18:26
The launches of the french navy off the coast of Brittany, are they near the town Brest? – Uwe Apr 20 '17 at 19:37
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@uhoh Jonathan is pretty much the canonical source for this sort of information, both in the industry and among amateur satellite observers. – pericynthion Apr 21 '17 at 18:33
So, since it went into a parking orbit it is disqualified from consideration? Why? – Kevin Fegan Apr 21 '17 at 23:24
A short coast in a parking orbit... that doesn't go all the way around... sounds like it was really just a pause for system checks with an orbital abort option (vs. just burning up short of orbit or being lost in interplanetary space). Have not read the mission publication but that's just my first pass reaction. I'd call it straight up if it really was a short coast without actually orbiting. – Eugene Motley Jul 21 '18 at 18:38
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Discussion below What's the record for the fastest trip to the Moon? shows that there is a problem with these historical dates; any thoughts? – uhoh Jul 18 '19 at 16:49
Minimum deltaV between two Orbits (re Jonathan McDowell tweet) – uhoh Aug 03 '20 at 13:11

score 16 · Answer 2 · answered Apr 20 '17 at 13:25

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Not sure if this counts, but New Horizons was launched directly into an escape trajectory and did not enter orbit. It made it to Pluto and beyond. From Wikipedia:

New Horizons was launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station directly into an Earth-and-solar escape trajectory with a speed of about 16.26 kilometers per second

That might be considered "straight up".

answered Apr 20 '17 at 13:25

Steve

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It's not what I was thinking of, but except for the suborbital part it fits the description perfectly - very good! I never knew this. I was about to start saying something about gravitational assist until I saw the block quote. Wow, I never knew that. – uhoh Apr 20 '17 at 15:06
Pages 13 and 30 of the New Horizons Mission Design and Jonathan McDowell in his answer to this very same question, seem to differ, saying that New Horizons coasted shortly in a parking orbit before injection into the desired heliocentric orbit. Maybe Wikipedia is wrong? – Ricardo Apr 20 '17 at 18:30
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I checked. The wikipedia page talks about re-igniting the Centaur, which means it went into parking orbit first, so not straight up. – Joshua Apr 20 '17 at 20:17
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and even if launched directly into escape it'll have been launched sideways to minimise gravity losses. – Jul 21 '18 at 22:13

Is 678 km the new altitude record for a rocket shot "straight up" (vertical launch)?

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